Universal History and the Possibility of a Utopia.

Universal History and the Possibility of a Utopia. Free Online Research Papers To question the benefits of a fundamental approach to the study of history, is to essentially pose a question of insight and certainty. It is not merely about a holistic view, but more about if a holistic view is even possible within history. Is it possible to encapsulate the whole of eternity into a defining moment and still remain tangibly accurate? Is the macro and micro interrelated and interchangeable? And most of all, what kind of answers does a big approach provide that are beneficial? Would it, possibly, solve the nature of the human phenomenon? Can the way history is viewed contribute towards a Utopian world? Science, the pioneer of the empirical method, is at its core very fundamental; for millennia it searches for a total explanation for the question of why and how. History too, in order to hold any sense of credibility, must adapt a scientific process, so it is inevitable that the fundamental nature of defining truths has rubbed off on the study of history. The search for full illumination, the unveiling of a masterful design, is the core propellant in our documentation of history. The hope remains that in revealing the mystery of the human nature through a historical view, some reconciliation would be possible for the current world paradigm. The hope remains that a Utopian society can be resolved. One could almost say that all detailed closed-space studies of history are subconsciously constructed as a piece of a bigger puzzle. For science itself is a manner of viewing history, branched into separate yet connected approaches. In fair consideration, the core criticism for a total view of history is that it would be a generalisation that would be contradicted by certain small-scale studies. Where there are so many historical contradictions and paradoxes, a full view is implausible. Yet the argument stands that for the true historian, there are no contradictions, only undiscovered patterns. That the true historian is more than a simple documenter of events, but also a sociologist. A study of cause and effect is a necessary proponent of historical documentation, so it is understandable that sociology and history work hand in hand. David Christian, for instance, is insistent that history is not merely documentation, but that it also holds a message. Weather the message is that humanity is ultimately violent or peaceful is the cause for discovery. This is perhaps the primary intent of a big approach to the study. Seeing as the past is thought to be a definition of forming who we are and where we stand today, it was unavoidable that some underlying meaning is not only sought, but also, necessary. It is an issue of contribution to one’s identity. If the history of a town contributes towards their personal identity, it is only rationally intrinsic to formulate a historical world identity. The opposing argument has been that it is naà ¯ve to think that a positive historical identity would have any effect upon the individual, and what is worse, that history seems to present a negative human identity. So, inevitably this becomes an issue of unified vs. separatist. Collective vs. segregated. If history holds any markedly poignant message it is that differences are the primary cause of conflict. Unification has always been the resolution. This intensifies the responsibility of the historian to think in unified terms. Perhaps the aim of seeing the big picture is to cause a revolution in the ways in which history is viewed and taught. Which leaves the question, would it help improve anything? This is the debate that has perhaps captured historians at this period in time. The conclusion of which, if it transpires, will hold immense changes. With the technological freedom of communication, the internationalist view has sprung the world with a reckoning force. Ideas of a collective human identity have become an imminent reality. A shift in paradigm has taken place following the ability of one person to speak to another across the world. As such, historians are now being affected by the paradigm-shift, and it is arguably the cause for emphasis on the big picture. It seems that a holistic view would in itself be the actual cause for improvement. At this point, perhaps it is useful to substantiate how much a government and society is affected by history. On the power and benefit of unification. The nature of the debate calls for an embarkation into the human psyche. The efficiency of the map that historians create determines the effectiveness of the journey. Just as a bad road-map would detrimentally influence the safe passage of traffic, so too does mutant ideas of history affect the sanctity of a nation. A world-view of history is akin to seeing the forest for the trees. If one but looks, for instance, at the example provided by the period of the silk roads, where an influential interchange of commodity as well as ideas took place, it is also noticed that political fragmentation severely impacted the exchange of resources. The first evidence to negate a Utopian view to be a naà ¯ve one is the nature of the universe itself: ever changing, expanding, and as some theorise, due to begin imploding. With ideas such as these, the implication is that societies also are ever changing: moving from disruption into unity, then, perhaps back to conflict. Ironically, history as thus far documented all too keenly reveals that this change is the only overwhelming constant. From galaxies to geological cycles to the birth and death of an organism. Even societies transferring from barbarianism into a peaceful nation, such as the Tibetans. Or the Indus Valley civilization once reputed to be rich in their innocuous wisdom now amounting to a corrupted and scavenging race in comparison to their past. The idea of random change has infiltrated much of the sciences and modes of thought – so much as to entertain the notion of the primordial soup: the creation of life is often philosophically and scientifically indulged as an accident. This is a colossal contradiction for a life-form whose very intelligence relies on and is defined by pattern recognition. It is irrational to assume that wherefore there are patterns that dictate every other action, the very birth of this order would itself be an accident. Thankfully, with the emergence of quantum physics formed a powerful advocator of inert order within the big picture. And most of modern biology is concerned with discovering the hitherto undiscovered underlying patterns. What remains profoundly captivating here is that history is not merely a study of economic or social change or of conquest and globalisation, but markedly a study of ideas being born and destroyed. With the industrial revolution arrived an idea now known as modernism – which lead to which, is still debatable. Perhaps it was a slow building idea that gave fruition to what we now call modernism, and the idea allowed for the discovery of machinery. The point, however, is that at the turn of the revolution occurred an expotential leap in population, the cause of which continues to baffle historians. Ecological research regarding population growth has come to conclusions that the level of population as well as species is directly proportionate to availability of habitat space. That after an equilibrium number is established, this number will remain constant irrespective of the introduction of new species or the extinction of pre-existing ones. Which leads one to ponder what form of new space was created by the industrial revolution to affect the equilibrium so sporadically. This form of interlinking has proven itself empirically sound. It is an exchanging of ideas, of seeing the big picture. The question must be asked, what is history for? Upon what motive does one procure a detail of their past? And the obvious answer is, to provide a meaningful system of existence – to substantiate that there is most definitely an evolution and a purpose that is transpiring. In this case, it is interesting that the failure of the industrial revolution to provide a Utopia, that the birth of post-modernism, coincides with the period in time when we are finally ready to see history as a whole. Kicking and screaming perhaps, but we are at a point where we are looking at the big-bang almost juxtaposing it with the industrial revolution, in order to see a principal truth. Besides, universal history has always been synonymous with mythology – it simply wasn’t an aspect of science, until now. Notwithstanding that the idea of world history arose alongside cosmology and evolutionary biology, perhaps it is the debate of revolution vs. evolution that has prompted us to consider the nature of a Utopia. Because after all, what are we evolving towards? Speaking of the interrelation of the macro and the micro, the first disapproval stems along the lines of how there is far too much variation on local levels that get omitted when deriving a total outlook. The Agrean Era stands as a good example of this, but paradoxically the evidence that lead to current conclusions about that era were scattered on different globes, and it was collaborated in order to get a full picture. Besides, the core of ecology and biology demonstrates that all conflict and flourishing of species is strictly resources related. Psychology is strongly influenced by Abraham Maslow’s explanation that humans are driven by needs and are not inherently evil. Physics also agrees by procuring its second law of thermodynamics. Entropy. It is the quest for resources, the abundance or lack of them, that is the cause of equilibrium, conflict or dissemination. History also seems to have reached this conclusion. This would not have been possible to see if one did not st and back to look. To understand that this is an issue of resources holds several layers of meaning for historians such as David Christian who contemplate the possibility of a Utopian society. The industrial revolution took place because the introduction of machinery placed the peasants in severe danger of losing their long held resources. And though historians have looked at history quite frequently through the lens of consumption and economic decisions, it would seem they were not too far off the mark. Except to say, the pessimism that has entranced several historians comes from their conclusion that there is no true abundance of resources, and that they are depleted time and time again. This, however, should not fail to provoke the historian to shift their angle onto the opposite side of how consumption is viewed and consider anew. Though the rise of inequality is directly linked to economic differences, what is synonymous is the possibility of resolving these differences. The big picture makes it abundantly clear that we are not inherently a greedy species. As much as standing back to view a forest reveals the easiest path through it, so too do we begin to ask the right questions in historical study when interchanging the micro and the macro. The big picture in itself will not provide all the answers, as much as the localized picture, by itself, would be fragmented. One should have respect both for the details as well as the broad strokes. When the two are juxtaposed, an insightful clarity is gained. In this case, the historian begins to ask, what sort of situations have lead to the resolving of differences? He or she begins to explore this avenue. Since he is the chooser of the lens through which he views history, this very choice is a prominent responsibility. And through discovering the several situations that resolve differences, he begins to uncover a fundamental pattern. The very discovery of this pattern will bear its effects on the identity of the society. This, it seems, is David Christian’s purpose in enthusiastically opting for the importance of world history. Fundamental patterns are proliferate. Take phi for instance: the underlying geometry encountered frequently throughout biology and even in the construction of galaxies. DNA is another example. Agriculture arose in numerous places seemingly independently. Everything affects everything else. The environment is dynamic, and at face-value there seems to be no order, yet continuous exploration has eventually lead to a core formula. Science would have succumbed were this not the case. The final question, then, is that given the disparity between developed and undeveloped countries, how can a reconciliation be initiated? Historians have on the most part concluded that if anything can be seen from ethno-archeology, it is that people do not always act to better adapt to their environment or to cooperate. On the other hand, a sense of abundance was created by tribes and societies of the past who made the act of sharing and gift-giving an essential part of their lifestyle. There is as much evidence that shows humanity’s compassionate awareness for the environment as there is of environmental degradation. These forms of mixed-messages make it easy to resort to resignation. Historians have a long-standing favour for small-scale investigations because they believe the human phenomenon is only revealed in the details, so they consider vast generalizations to be unsophisticated. On afterthought, this is the truly naà ¯ve view, for their choice of scale is still biased by that which they choose to focus upon. Some facets are usually underplayed, and other aspects often overemphasised. The nature of falsification affects both small-scales and larger scales equally, and it is often the case that the errors in the conclusions become obvious when you cease to be biased towards a choice of scale. It is proven time and time again, that bias is indeed the enemy of clarity. How one would reconcile the bias of nations with opposing interests depends entirely on the map of reality that rules humanity. It is inevitably an exploration of balance and imbalance. It is an issue of contingency. For instance, seeing as at the time of the industrial revolution, Asia also contained the technology to effect the discovery of machinery, why did they fail to do it? Much like sedentism and over-population lead to agriculture, one can logically allude that there was no necessity presented to create the situation for such a discovery. In the same context, it is the necessity now that would lead to a resolution. Yet every positive improvement has had its detriment. Bigger populations have included more diseases. With modernity came the clearing away of peasants. The signs so far indicate a cycle of reciprocity leading to entropy. A recharging followed by a diffusion. Knowing this, it seems unfathomable that there can be co-existence without aggressive enforcement of some kind or other. But certainly, a Utopian world of abundant resources and peaceful co-existence is possible. It has eventuated many times within history, though as spectacularly short-lasting as it is glorious. In our current scenario also a sense of progress is witnessed. And when we hold the totality of history within our scope, from the creation of the universe until now, we witness nothing but abundance. And the thought occurs, if the recurring element that is necessary for peaceful co-existence is the quantity of resources, we are surely within a Utopia. Perhaps recognition is all that is necessary. As much as the master who submits to the servant becomes autocratic, such would be the effect of the environment upon the mind. And Science, in false hypothesis, assumes and continues to experiment with such an illusiory conditioning. Drawing dangerous conclusions at that, expressing with firm and obnoxious regard that we are but slaves to our environment. Reactionary instruments. The objective approach would be the willingness to expose the nature of this oppression, or at the very least, to test the potential of the mind in manifesting its will. In this light, one derives definite principles on the spirit of man, as well as a pronounced disclosure on the character of the individual within a Utopian society. Abraham Maslows purport on the Self-Actualised person is a remarkable example. Self-Actualisation is synonymous with Utopia. At this point, it is important to delve to the crux of the matter it is impossible to have a Utopia without the recognition of Spirit. Of the mystery of peak experiences, for lack of a better term. Ultimately, Utopia is an idea, therefore this is entirely an issue of the human psyche. The abundance of resources, or the subjection to entropy, is wholly a mindstate. This is a natural course of reasoning, a substantiate hypothesis that is empirically verifiable: the mind creates the matter. If the mind is a closed-space, then your thoughts and your personal reality are subject to entropy. So, your mind has to be an open-space exuberant, generous, inclusive and expansive. Thats the difference between heaven and hell. Unity in diversity and creative abundance are the flairs of a Utopian society. This mentality needs foremost to be individually established and this would effectually, naturally, translate into society and government. The revo lution is within. Research Papers on Universal History and the Possibility of a Utopia.Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBringing Democracy to Africa

HSIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HSIE - Essay Example All in all, I assisted in putting the power point presentation into a coherent group presentation. In addition, my role was to do complete the dot point that stated the task to ‘provide a brief suggestion for how this topic would be implemented in a classroom context’. This required research and the development of ideas on how the topic of Indigenous Australians could be implemented and integrated into the classroom setting. The experience in this group field visit work was, all in all, a positive experience. A primary reason is that, the experience allowed me to develop my negotiation skills, especially as group works often require members to negotiate with each other. Through the visit, as a student, I was able to gain hands-on experience and better understanding of indigenous Australians. More specifically, it allowed me to understand deeply the Indigenous Australians culture and lifestyle, especially where the resources for their daily lives were shown. The most significant professional and pedagogical learning that I have gained from the group field work is on the knowledge I was able to gain about this unique group of people. In other words, I was able to see what the Indigenous Australians’ way of life was. It allowed me to gain knowledge on their creation. For instance, I was able to see how the woven baskets they used served multiple purposes – in carrying their food and in some instances, their babies. Also, the most significant learning from the group was that due to each member’s research and information gathering, I was able to gain a functional understanding of the different equipment they used to survive, for instance, the New South Wales shield. In addition, my experience allowed me to also gain information on how the Indigenous Australians were influenced by the Europeans. This was clearly apparent on the items seen in the Australian Museum, including the shield (Australian Museum, 2012). In additi on, the most

Leadership in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership in Nursing - Essay Example In relation to this essay, leadership has great influence in the field of nursing (Malloch 2013). Leadership in nursing remains unquestionable. It involves critical thinking, advocacy, and all that takes place in nursing practice. It plays a central role in lives of nurses affecting the entire health care organizations. Furthermore, nursing leaders expect credibility, courageousness, and inspiration in innovation and increasing nursing practices (Sullivan 2013). Nursing leadership therefore, is about being competent and engage practices of nurses to provide better care around the legal scope and boundaries of their ethics (Malloch 2013). In addition, leadership in nursing entails innovation and visionary administration from junior to senior nurse officials. Thus, these leaders should understand themselves to help nurses offer services safely, timely and easily to patients. From above arguments, leadership has both positive and negative impacts in nursing. Just to mention but a few, some of the positive impacts include provision of healthful work environment for nurses. There is also development of opportunities due to good leadership. Moreover, leadership in nursing tends to promote good practice environment and safe health facilities (Rigolosi 2013). Although nurses may tend to make judgments of their own to deliver patient’s care, they always operate within a given team framework of a hospital. Leadership that is well developed encourages nurses to prove quality care which enhances outcomes for patients Nursing leaders can also guide conversation for best interest in case there is rise in different opinions. Moreover, leadership provides integration opportunities like skills, which ensure that nursing remains responsive to individual’s requirements on daily basis. In spite of many advantages, leadership also has negative impacts in nursing. Some of which include; nurse

Impacts Of The World Wide Web Media Essay

Impacts Of The World Wide Web Media Essay Commonly known as WWW, the World Wide Web, as the name suggests, is a massive wireless interlinked connection that is supported by a series of URL links, and which has made the world to become a global village as the common adage goes. This is because it has come with such a great and felt impact that has revolutionalized communication, business, travel, networking, not forgetting socializing. Introduction into the WWW technology began way back in centuries gone, but the impacts, advantages and disadvantages that came with it are now greatly felt in this day and age of the twenty first century. WWW is commonly referred to as online, wireless communication, or as a majority of people would say- the internet. However, it is important to note that there is a big difference between internet and WWW. While internet is a large system of interconnected computer networks linked by the Protocol Suite and is what supports the use of World Wide Web, the WWW is a dependent factor that relies on the availability of internet to transmit information (James and Cailliau 2000 p. 27). Some of the impacts that World Wide Web has had so far especially in communication include speeding up of instant messaging, facilitation of internet forums, social networking online, blogging, online shopping and e-business has also been boosted in terms of marketing and advertisements. Specifically, on the study of communications, the World Wide Web has played a significant role in creating a channel in which people can do online research, get reviews on what the technology users have to say about the innovation and establish any existing loopholes in online communication and how they can be bridged. The World Wide Web provides information that creators and innovators of communication channels can make use of in the quest to provide cheap, effective, reliable and state-of-the-art gadgets for communication purposes. One of the most world-wide felt impacts of WWW on communication is rapid instant communication that affects almost every other aspect of life be it social, economic, pol itical or educational. Rapid instant communication implies that communication is no longer one way. It is no longer necessary to wait for days on end for a reply on some issue from a receiver of your message, but on the other hand, communication between sender and receiver of the message has changed from being receiver oriented to both receiver and sender oriented. How is this possible? This question shall form the basis of the study and feedback projected in this paper (Wendy, 2010 p.46). Rapid instant communication According to Samuel in his book Clarifying McLuhan: an assessment of process and product, rapid instant communication implies a one-on-one setting in sending and receiving of messages. In other words, it refers to a situation whereby communicators no longer have to wait for a long period of time in order for their message to be replied to by the receiver of the message. This therefore means that a person in one continent can easily communicate with another in a totally different continent as though they were communicating face to face. This has been made possible by services like chat, face book and emailing. Such connections make it possible for people the world over to relate and form forums in which they can even hold discussions on diversified issues which are happening way far away from where they are located. With use of facilities like the web camera, it is even possible to see someone with whom you are communicating on your computer while they are on the other side of the wor ld (Arthur, 1995 p. 28). This kind of communication is what has rapidly converted the world into a small village whereas in years gone such was just a dream for many innovators. There is now improved rapid communication in various sectors and this is supported by an old theory proposed by one Marshall McLuhan. His theory, titled Technological determinism, put forth that the changes that occur in the ways in which human beings communicate go a long way in determining the course our existence takes. The proponent of the theory feels that culture is highly dependent on the way in which we are able to communicate as human beings. This in other words is to say that innovations in communication cause a cultural drift. Secondly, changes in communication methods and modes shape human life. Media, as the greatest channel of communication, is considered as anything that affects human ability to communicate (Samuel and McLuhan 1967 p. 37). Consequently, it goes without saying that innovations that affect media as a channel of communication also affect human culture and communication. He looks at the transformation of communication from mere word of mouth, to literate age that could read and write to print media and eventually to the electronic age where society is at now. Today, people tend to believe printed information or that which they can collect from the web pages, more than they believe in information passed through the word of mouth. The theory also proposes that for any information to be accepted or rejected, it must undergo a series of stages which are awareness creation, persuasion or evaluation, decision making on whether to accept the information and lastly confirmation. These processes take a shorter time depending on the means of communication that are being used, meaning that word of mouth communication would take a relatively longer period to pass through all these stages than information posted through the web pages. This goes on to explain what happens to ideas suggested to one community from another, and how their evaluation and final acceptance or rejection ends up shaping the culture, values and beliefs of the recipient community. According to McLuhan, individuality has been removed from culture and instead, what matters today to society is the method of communication that is deemed important for communication as that will be what society will flow with (Arthur, 1995 p.34). Impact of World Wide Web on Businesses As explained above, the greatest impact of WWW is the speeding up of communication. How then does this form of communication impart of businesses? The most important thing about WWW is that it has enabled businesses and organizations to establish a presence. Businesses that want to explore great heights and to establish themselves the world over can only ignore the importance of the World Wide Web at their own peril. Creation of websites in which firms can market themselves is dependent on the WWW linkage. With the creation of a website, a company can rest assured that its services and functions can easily be read about any time of day seven days a week. Another impact is that the World Wide Web has made it possible for organizations working in the same line of industry to network, form partnerships and learn from each other all through the web (Stanley and Dennis 2008 p.37). This is also true for netting of potential clients, suppliers, donors and other stakeholders. Use of the World Wide Web has become a very easy way of passing business cards and maintaining contacts with clients. Needless to say, a website can be used as an additional source of income. This is possible by making your website an online sales point in the sense that visitors to the website can order and purchase your services online and pay through their credit cards without necessarily visiting your stores physically ( Stevenson, 1995 p.54). One more result that can be associated with instant communication as a result of the World Wide Web is the fact that it I now possible to have employees placed outside the office area and still have business going on as usual. This is because through the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s website, information can be passed to and from the employees consistently and from anywhere (Stanley and Dennis 2008 p. 89) Impact of World Wide Web on Social Networking It is not a new thing for many people that with social networking websites and electronic mail communication websites like twitter and yahoo mail respectively have played a great role in bring people together in terms of spontaneous and rapid communication. It is possible to chat with friends online and even date with the intentions of getting married, all by logging into some special websites that offer such services. On this social networking websites ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not only about making friends but also about keeping in touch with various other happenings around the world. One can get the latest news, download the latest music and movies and younger people and children can play online games or download them. In addition to socializing, it has now become very possible to get political views and stay informed on the most current news around the world, all by staying connected to the relevant websites. For example, a person in America is now very able to track letà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ „ ¢s say for example the election results of a country in Asia as it happens, all of which ahs been made possible by the World Wide Web (Arthur, 1995 p. 43). Today, people cannot imagine themselves without logging into websites to check the latest mails, breaking news, weather reports and even to shop for holidays online, all because of the WWW technology. The Web cannot be traced, it cannot be pinpointed, all because it is growing by the day. Its growth and expansion is a gradual process that is ongoing, and which is not likely to stop any time soon (Ramesh, 2004 p. 78). Negative impacts of World Wide Web There is much that can be said about the impacts of World Wide Web, and especially about the positive impacts, but we cannot just afford to overlook the negative impacts associated with the same. One of the major negative impacts associated with World Wide Web is that some people are now creating websites that contain misleading, addictive and false information, which when it falls in the hands of unsuspecting information users, may end up damaging their outlook in life (Ahuja and Shakti 1978 p. 23). Just to give an example, an article published online and written by one Allen Alberson says that there are a number of websites that have been created with the intention of providing suicidal persons with information on how to go about killing themselves. This website as actually helped take away the lives of quite a number of youngsters who were feeling suicidal at the time they took away their lives after reading trough these websites. More information can be found here; http://www.helium.com/items/1223307-suicide-chat-rooms . Much more can be said about the negative impacts of WWW but just to mention a few is that the World Wide Web is addictive and many people find themselves spending much of their time on social websites instead of doing other more constructive things. One more thing that is happening is that more and more people now tend to make decisions based on technological advance. In other words, decisions are based on the outcome of a result given by a computer, more than common knowledge. For example, it is not uncommon to hear that an organization is not giving a certain service to clients at a given time, simply because the systems are down. One is left to wonder how clients used to be served before the innovation of websites and online services (Allen, 2010 p.1). Conclusion From the findings above, it is evident that the World Wide Web has played a great role in changing communication from analogue to digital and this has revolutionalized the world in so may aspects. The network society, as it has popularly come to be known as, now need to take control of the advancing technology so that it can be able to organize itself on the basis of what people of various diversities share in common in a non-hierarchal manner. The World Wide Web is an avenue through which the public and the private can be merged together for better cohesion. Just to site an example, the revelation of the affair between the former US President Bill Clinton with Monica Lewinsky came out in a big way to influence how he would perform in politics after that. Since technology has no ethical or moral restraints, it has in itself become all important for such happenings that would otherwise have remained unknown. It can thus be said with such finality that such new communication technologi es like the World Wide Web will continue to make people feel more connected and to help them mainstream aspects of life such as politics, socializing, commerce and well as entertainment (Stevenson, 1995 p. 38).

Philosophy of Religion Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is religion necessary in maintaining a happy and successful family? Yes, religion plays a vital role in good family structure. Whenever religion is taken seriously and applied to family life, there is a definite prosperous and positive outcome. When families attend church together, there is a closer bond between family members and it is highly probable that family members who attend religious services push toward higher moral standards which in turn, builds a more solid and moral household. When the man observes religion in the home, he takes on the role as head of the household and creates harmony with other family members by providing for his family and treating his family with respect. When the woman recognizes her role in the home as a religious follower, she will also respect her husband and nurture her children as she is taught through religion. The children will do their part in their home by respecting both parents and also by using good moral values. Many people find it hard to understand why it is important to practice religion in homes since we rarely witness this in recent history but by following the laws of God, we lead ourselves and our families in the right direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should parents stay together when they feel that their marriage is one that has lost passion? Yes, it is important for families to work together in resolving marital problems in order to have a happy family. Children need the support of both parents working in unison and married couples should seek outside support if necessary such as members of the church if they feel they can’t work through the unhappiness in the marriage. The high divorce rate in America has broken down families and has increasingly left children in broken homes when on most occasions, the problems could have been worked through. The Bible gives us many guidelines concerning marriage and if we heed God’s Word, then it is highly possible for broken homes to be mended in order for children to grow up in a stable environment. If more parents would work harder at their marriage instead of getting divorced, family life and the quality of life would be much greater for everyone in the family.

Past Semester Ais 280

CONFIDENTIAL AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING/ COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING AIS280/CAC230 SEPTEMBER 2011 3 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of four (4) parts : PART A (20 Questions) PART B (3 Questions) PART C (3 Questions) PART D (2 Questions) 2. Answer ALL questions from all four (4) parts : i) Answer PART A in the Objective Answer Sheet. ii) Answer PART B, C and D in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page. . Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. 4. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: i) the Question Paper ii) an Answer Booklet – provided by the Faculty iii) an Objective Answer Sheet – provided by the Faculty DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO This examination paper consists of 14 printed pages  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 2 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 PART A This part consists of 20 multiple-choice questions. Choose the most suitable answer and shade the corresponding alphabet representing the answer in the Objective Answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following statements about relative cell referencing is INCORRECT? a. It changes automatically when copying cell formula from one cell location to another location. b. It is usually denoted by this sign â€Å"=† or†+†. c. It is useful since it saves our time from typing the same data or formula into different location. d. It can also occur when a cell is entered in a formula using the $ symbol. 2. Cell B1 and B2 shows a value of 20 and 30 respectively. What is the best formula to total the values in cell B3? a. =B20+B30. b. =B1+B2. c. =$B$1+$B$2. d. =B$20+B$30. 3. The formula =IF(OR(condition 1, condition 2, condition 3), ‘YES', â€Å"NO†) will give the result . YES if condition 1 and 2 are met. i. NO if condition 2 and 3 are met. ii. YES if all the conditions are met. v. NO if all the conditions are not met. a. b. c. , ii and iii i, iii and iv , iii and iv d. All of the above 4. In Excel the ‘*' symbol is considered as a a. Label b. Text c. Number d. Formula  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 3 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 . The following description relates to which type of logical function? †¢ It has only one condition to test; †¢ If the condition is not met, the outcome is true; and †¢ If the condition is met, the outcome is false a. AND function. b. OR function. c. NOT function. d. ROUND function. Questions 6 and 7 are based on Figure 1 below: A B c D L F G KARAMBU NAI TRADING ADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE AS AT 31 AUGUST 2011 Freehold Land Motor Vehicles Accumulated Depreciation – Motor Vehicle Sales Rent Administration Salaries Advertising Expenses Telephone lEIectricity Purchases Stationery Bank overdraft Capital Debtors Creditors Inventory Accrued Rent Depreciation – Motor Vehicles Closing Inventory Opening Inventory Doubtful debts Provision for Doubtful debts TRIAL BALANCE Debit (RM) 400,000 600,000 253,600 240,000†² 96,000 59,600 18,600 340,000 22,400 15,200 30,000 2,075,400 Credit (RM) 240,000 832,000 142,000 760,000 101,400 2,075,400 ADJUSTED ENTRIES Debit Credit (RM) (RM) 72,000 (b) 1,200 (a) 28,300 (d) 30,000 (e) 1,200 (a) 72,000 (b) 28,300 (d) 30,000 (e) 760 (f) 760 (f) 132,260 132,260 H I ADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE Debit (RM) 400,000 600,000 254,800 240,000 96,000 59,600 18,600 340,000 2,400 15,200 28,300 72,000 30,000 760 2,177,660 Credit (RM) 312,000 832,000 142,000 760,000 101,400 1,200 28,300 760 2,177,660 Figure 1 6. The following statements are correct about the data inserted in cell D10, EXCEPT a. it represents accrued rent for the period b. it will be transferred to the balance sheet under current asset c. it will be shown in cell H10 as an addition to the bal ance in cell B10 d. failure to take into account the amount will be resulted on overstating the net profit. 7. Based on the Figure 1 above, what is the best formula for cell H6? a. =IF(0 Enter the date range 1/01/2011 to 31/01/2011 -; Click Display. c. Report -; Accounts -; Select Transaction Journal from Index to Reports -; Customize †¢Ã‚ » Enter the date range 01/01/2011 to 31/01/2011 -; Click Display. d. Click the Accounts icon at the main Command centre, and click Transaction Journal. 15. button is used to generate report in various format such as PDF , Email and Fax. a. Print b. Send To c. Customize d. Close 16. Which option cannot be found in Banking Command Centre? a. Spend Money b. Receive Money c. Reconcile Accounts d. Bank Statement 17. Which of the following statements are CORRECT? . If the company's financial year starts on 1 September 2011 and ends on 31 August, 2012, its current financial year is 2012. ii. The report that enables you to view stock movements for ea ch item is Item List (Summary), iii. The Banking Command Centre cannot be used to record money received for invoices created via Sales Command Centre, iv. An invoice can be changed to a quote or an order. a. i and iii. b. ii and iv. c. i, ii and iii. d. i, ii and iv. 18. In the event that a refund to customer is required in relation to the Credit Note issued, click the Pay Refund button at the . a. Bank Register. b. Sales Register's Returns and Debits Tab window. c. Sales Register's Returns and Credits Tab window. d. Settle Returns and Credits Tab window.  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 7 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 19. Which of the following account has the correct prefix number in MYOB? Account Name Account Number a. Inventory 2-4000 b. Owner's Equity 8-0000 c. Bank Charges 6-5555 d Other Expenses 7-1000 20. The following options are available to build the accounts list in MYOB, EXCEPT a. start with one of the list provided by MYOB. b. import a list of accounts from the company's accountant. . build own account from scratch. d. export from other company's account list. (Total: 20 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 8 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 PARTB Answer ALL questions. QUESTION 1 The following questions are based on Figure 4 below: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 23 †¢SO 3 1 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 A B Reducinq Balance Method Machine Straiqht 1 – WDR 1704 YEAR 20O6 2007 2008 200S 2010 2011 Line Method Motor Vehicles – YEAR 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 201 1 DEPRECIATION EXPENSES 26,297. 06 17,076. 59 11,089 07 ,200 94 4,676. 09 3,036. 52 SAB 2317 DEPRECIATION EXPENSES 1 5. 800. 00 5,800. 00 5,800 00 5. 800. 00 5,800. 00 5,800 00 C ! Asset Name Date of Purchase Purchase Cost (RM) Salvage Value (RM) Useful Life { years ) D E ALIF HAIKAL BHD Schedule of Depreciation Machine 1 – WDR 1704 01/01/2008 75,000. 00 1,000. 00 10 Methods of Depreciation Reducing Balance Method ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION 26,297. 06 43,373. 65 54,462 72 61,663. 66 66,339. 75 69,376. 27 ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION 5,800. 00 11,600. 00 17,400. 00 23,20000 29,000. 00 34,800. 00 35% NET BOOK VALUE 48,702. 94 31,626. 35 20,537. 28 3,336. 34 8,660. 25 5,623. 73 NET BOOK VALUE 54,200. 00 48,400 00 42,600 00 36,800. 00 31,000. 00 25,200 00 F Motor Vehicles – SAB 2317 12/02/2006 60,000. 00 2,000. 00 10 Straight Line Method a) b) c) Figure 4 List two (2) differences between the depreciation methods used by Alif Haikal Bhd? (2 marks) State the formula used in each of the following cells: i. E11. ii. D19. iii. B32. (6 marks) Describe the steps to format the number in cells B32 through D37 to two (2) decimal places with the thousand separator. (2 marks) (Total: 10 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 9 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 QUESTION 2 The following questions are based on Figure 5 below: 1 1 . 2 ‘ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 . 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 3? , Ol i B ;'-. :.. . †¢ . – , . . . C ! D THOMAS BIN JINIS CORPORATION BERHAD PROJECTED CASHFLOW STATEMENT Estimated Revenue Projected Sales Less: Estimated Expenses Other Fixed Cost Depreciation Variable Cost Total Expenses Projected Income Before Tax Less:Corporation Tax (28%) Estimated Project Net Income Net Cash Flow Estimated Project Net Income Add Back Depreciation Total Cash Flow PAYBACK METHOD PERIOD: END OF YEAR 1 END OF YEAR 2 END OF YEAR 3 END OF YEAR 4 I.. . †¦ I Year 1 800,000. 0 130,000. 0 170,000. 0 200,000. 0 500,000. 0 300,000. 0 84,000. 0 216,000. 0 216,000. 0 170,000. 0 386,000. 0 ANNUAL CASH FLOW 386,000 415,664 410,538 418,170 E ; PROJECT NAME PROJECT COST Depreciation Rate Year 2 880,000. 0 140,000. 0 170,000. 0 228,800. 0 538,800. 0 341,200. 0 95,536. 0 245,664. 0 245,664. 0 170,000. 0 415,664. 0 ACCUMULATED CASHFLOWS 386,000 801,664 1,212,202 1,630,371 Year 3 896,000. 0 150,000. 0 170,000. 0 241,920. 0 561,920. 0 334,080. 0 93,542. 4 240,537. 6 240,537. 6 170,000. 410,537. 6 SELECTED PERIOD  »Ã‚ » F XX-2011 850,000 20% Year4 944,000. 0 165,000. 0 170,000. 0 264,320. 0 599,320. 0 344,680. 0 96,510. 4 248,169. 6 248,169. 6 170,000. 0 418,169. 6 Figure 5 a) List the formula for each of the following cells: C14. i. C17. ii. C21. v. C23. (6 marks) b) c) What does the symbol  »  » in cell E30 means? (2 marks) If the company expects a maximum payback pe riod of 3 years, should the company accept the project? Explain your decision. (2 marks) (Total: 10 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 10 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 QUESTION 3 Question 3 is based on Figure 6 below: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1? 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2? 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3S 36 3? a) A B ! CBDSDNBHD ADJUSTED TRIAL BALANCE AS AT 31 SEPTEMBER 2011 Land & Building ;Accum. Dep. Land & Buidling Furniture & Fittings Accum Dep . F Insurance .Advertising Rent Telephone Salaries Capital ‘. Sales Bank Loan Cash in Hand Creditors Debtors Depreciation Prepaid Rent Insurances Owing Cost of Good Sold Total DEBIT RM 288,000 180,000 25,400 26,000 10,000 1,480 2,000 4,200 500 18,000 12,000 1,600 19,840 589,020 CREDIT RM 72,000 46,000 259,300 26,240 58,000 22,280 5,200 589,020 WORKINGS TOTAL FIXED ASSETS (NBV) TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES CBD SDN BHD FINANCIAL RATIO REPORT AS AT 31 SEPTEMBER 2011 PROFITABILITY RATIOS GROSS PROFIT RATIO NET LOSS RATIO EFFICIENCY RATIOS: 350,000 24,300 76,880 27,480 84. 28% 23. 38% DEBTORS TURNOVER OPERATING EXPENSES RATIO LIQUIDITY RATIOS CURRENT ASSETS RATI OS : ACID TEST RATIO 52 DAYS 60. 90% I 0. 8B TIMES LVALUE! TIMES Figure 6 State the formula to calculate the amount in the following cells: ii. iii. iv. B27. H12. H35. H22. b) What does the symbol # VALUE! n cell H37 mean? (8 marks) (2 marks) (Total: 10 marks)  © Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL 11 AC/SEP 2011/AIS280/CAC230 PARTC Answer ALL questions. QUESTION 1 Question 1 is based on Figure 7 below: Sales – New Item INVOICE Customer Shb to I Ship Backorder Salesperson Commen Ship Via Promsed Date †¢i Re Invoice De jumal Mernc enal Source livery Status :fl Item Number . . .ill Description Terms Invoice tt: Date: Customer PO tt: Price . Pisc% Subtotal Freight Tax Total Amount : Paid Today Payment Method Balance Due Total fi? Tax Inclusive Job Tax :†¢: J „J

The Social Implications Of E Commerce On Society - 2172 Words

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In the first place individuals were uncertain about utilizing their charge cards online yet from that point forward numerous individuals are trusting when paying online and huge numbers of the more established era now shop on there. Bricks and clicks Bricks and clicks is a term used as a part of business which shows that business has shops or outlets (blocks implies physical presence) furthermore bargains online (clicks implies web presence). Web exchanging is anything but difficult to begin off and obliges less cost to begin and keep up. A high road shop don t have to purchase a major store to hang all items with dividers. 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